How Dividend Taxes Work
Dividend tax applies to distributions of a company's earnings paid to shareholders. The tax treatment can be drastically different depending on whether the dividends are classified as "qualified" or "ordinary/non-qualified." Understanding these rules is crucial for dividend investors planning to live off their passive income or reinvest for long-term growth.
Qualified vs. Ordinary Dividends
Qualified Dividends
Taxed at the preferential long-term capital gains tax rates (0%, 15%, or 20%). The dividend must be paid by a US corporation or qualified foreign entity, and holding period requirements must be met.
Ordinary Dividends
Taxed at your standard marginal income tax rate. These include dividends from REITs, MLPs, employee stock options, and assets held for a short duration.
Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)
High earners may be subject to an additional 3.8% NIIT on investment income, including dividends, if their modified adjusted gross income exceeds certain thresholds.